Training Environment :: essays research papers

Using your Training Environment Tips for survival Your training environment is the most essential and important element of your presentation. It is the difference between a good presentation and one that will keep the participants asking for more. The five most important features of your training environment will be: 1. White Board 2. Flipchart 3. Projector 4. Space 5. Body Language A good presenter uses his training environment in the most effective and coordinative way possible. Here are a few tips that will help you use your training environment in a more effective manner, while giving presentations. White Board The white board is your medium of writing and projecting the presentation. In the modern world, white boards have revolutionarized and have added features in built such as a play, pause and stop button for you presentations and images. They can be connected to your projector to run your presentation more effectively and easily. But as much as technology may change, the basics of the white board will stay the same, and they are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leave margins on the corners of the board. Do not fill up the board too much especially around the corners. Keep a spacing of 5 inches from the left/right and top/bottom corners of the board. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Always use a non-permanent marker on the white board. This ensures easy reusability of the board at various levels. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The color of the markers should be bright and solid. Do not use faint markers as they are not clearly visible. The purpose is easy visibility, not the formality of writing. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The letters should be at least  ½ â€Å" high and should be in capital letters. Caps case is easier to read. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use a variety of color markers for highlighting and adding variety to what is written on the board. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When using the white board as the projection screen make sure is cleaned and has no patches of ink. If you have written over the projection on the board then ensure that you wipe it before proceeding to the next slide. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not stand in front of the board if there is something written on it. Flip Chart The flip chart is your medium of that extra unit of writing and displaying your points. It is often termed as the trainers â€Å"companion†. The flip chart is mostly used as a tool for writing or illustrating points that are a part of the presentation, but may or may not be a part of the power point slides. Some key tips for using the flip chart are:

How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech?

In a final bid to secure freedom for Tom Robinson, Atticus Finch uses several linguistic tools in his last speech to the jury to attempt to sway their opinions of Tom’s guilt in the crime. Emotive language is used in Atticus’s speech to create a powerful effect in his audience. He first uses to make people feel sorry for Mayella Ewell: ‘She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance’. Use of the word ‘victim’ is effective in building pity for Mayella, as it implies that she is not at fault for her misfortunes and is instead the poor unfortunate soul suffering due to circumstances that she could not control. This pity is then used as a way for the jurors to feel a connection with Tom, who, as Atticus points out, is ‘a quiet, respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated temerity to ‘feel sorry’ for a white woman’. By reminding the jurors that Tom is not so different from them, in that they all pity Mayella, Atticus relates them with Tom. Pity for Tom is also evoked, as Atticus reminds the jurors that Tom was merely ‘a quiet, respectable, humble Negro’. Words such as ‘humble’ builds up an image of an unassuming man and plants a little seed of doubt about Tom’s guilt in the minds of the jurors. Atticus also tries to lead the jury to feel pity for Tom by putting a little emphasis on Tom’s plight: ‘[Tom] has had to put his word against two white people’s. In that time of racial prejudice, for Tom to contradict any white person was a desperate path, as black people are usually assumed to be in the wrong automatically, and therefore, through reminding the jurors of Tom’s testimony, Atticus is attempting to bring forth pity for Tom. The tone of the statement also suggests that such a drastic action was not by choice; with the phrase ‘h as had to’, Atticus is insinuating that it was Tom’s last resort, that Tom was forced by the circumstances to challenge the Ewells’s testimonies. The evidence is presented to the jury in a clear manner: ‘There is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led almost exclusively with his left†¦ and Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken the oath with the only good hand he possesses – his right hand. ’ Here, Atticus is very definite on the evidence and leaves no room for ambiguity; he emphasises the fact that Tom had only one functional hand, his right. The effect of this observation is powerful, because it forces the jury to take a moment and reconsider; Atticus’s statement clearly outlines that Mayella was beaten by a left-hander, a feat impossible for the crippled Tom, therefore reinforcing an earlier assertion by Atticus: ‘The defendant is not guilty, but someone in this court-room is. ’ The tone in this allegation adds a little dramatic tension to the atmosphere of the courtroom and helps Atticus gain the interest and attention of the audience as they wait to hear to whom Atticus has assigned the guilt. The tone of Atticus’s speech also brings in another persuasive element. An example of this is seen when Atticus disdains the assumption that all black people are liars and immoral beings not to be trusted around white women: ‘Which, gentlemen, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinson’s skin, a lie I do not have to point out to you. ’ The words of this statement suggest a rather forceful tone as Atticus asserts that to stereotype is wrong. Through the use of inclusive phrases, such as ‘we know’, Atticus is also able to evoke a slight feeling of shame in the jurors as he indirectly reprimands their prejudice by implying that they ought to have known that their generalisation of black people was simply not true. Atticus tries further to break this long-ingrained prejudice by telling his audience that they are all the same: ‘You know the truth and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women – black and white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. There is not a person in this court-room who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman with desire. ’ With this proclamation, Atticus is able to show that Tom is no different in character to anyone else and that the jury should not allow racist perceptions to influence their verdict and cause them to judge Tom basing their opinions on how likely they think those of his race are to commit this terrible offense. Atticus later augments his plea by noting that ideally, justice is blind: ‘But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal†¦ The institution, gentlemen, is a court†¦ in our courts, all men are created equal. ’ Atticus is beseeching the jurors to look upon the case with an unprejudiced eye, reminding all that everyone deserves justice, regardless of skin colour. His point, that ‘all men are created equal’, is also repeated, to emphasise that a jury, or indeed, anyone at all, should not judge based on race, but on the truth. Personally, I find Atticus’s speech extremely powerful in that it is deeply convincing. The manipulation and use of the words is also incredibly effective, causing the audience to feel exactly as intended and by the end of the speech, one could hardly doubt that Tom was truly innocent of the heinous crime of which he was accused.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Or Acquired...

A major epidemic across the world is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Accredited with 10% of the HIV cases annually is injection drug use (AIDS.gov, 2014). A study done in 2010 showed that injection drug use affected nearly 47,500 new HIV infections in the United States. With 625 being males and 38% being female. Breaking it down even further, African Americans made up 50% of the newly affecting using injection drugs, Whites 26%, and Latinos/ Hispanics with 21% (CDC.gov, 2015). Injection drug use can spread the HIV virus by any of the following acts: using blood-contaminated syringes to prepare drugs, reusing water, reusing bottle caps, spoons, or other containers (cookers) to†¦show more content†¦A basic response for injection users can be strategies that are aligned with all drug users such as: access to sterile injection and drug preparation equipment; treatment for substance use and mental disorders; opioid substituti on therapy; or counseling (CDC.gov/mmwr, 2015). Helping to provide greater preventative measures for all drug users can potentially reduce the contraction of the HIV/AIDS virus. The townspeople or community might be hesitant to provide assistance for injection drug users. Stigma exists around substance use and abuse especially when it comes to needle-exchange programs. The belief that providing clean needles encourages drug use, rather than discourages needle sharing. Studies done by the AIDS Foundation of Chicago (AFC) argues that this response can be dangerous since it ignores other studies that demonstrate how clean needle exchange is an effective took for reducing HIV and hepatitis transmission. This program provides support for the inflected. Through access to counselors, treatment options, or education about safer needle use are all provided all from one program (Sosin, 2012). It can also benefit the larger community of drug users or those how suffer from hepatitis. A program in Rhode Island called ENCORE (Education, Needle Exchange, Counseling, Outreach, and Referrals) is designed for outreach to those at-risk individuals who may not otherwise presen t for prevention,

My Personal Statement My Goals - 864 Words

My personal mission is to constantly strive to be the best overall person that I can be within my personal and professional life. My goals are to inspire and help others and myself around me to achieve greatness and balance that will to maximize our potential that will transcend the boundaries of our dreams. In addition to my mission statement, my core life values are the foundation of my mission statement, which allows me to uphold my promises and standards. These promises and standards will afford me the opportunity to improve the life of others and myself for the better. Therefore, there are four particular core values that I live by each and everyday. The four values are commitment, compassion, dedication, and optimism. The first core value, commitment, embodies the theme of loyalty and honor. I work hard each day to live up to the promises that I make to finish tasks, help others, and meet expectations that I place on myself or by others. The second core value that I live by is compassion because I wholeheartedly believe in being kind to everyone and helping those in need. The third value that I by is dedication. Along with the pervious two values, dedication is an important factor because being dedicated to someone or something allows a person to display that person’s charac ter of being steadfast and passionate—even in the face of adversity. The fourth and final value that is a foundation for my personal mission is optimism. Having a positive outlook on life orShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Statement : My Goals1488 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal mission is to constantly strive to be the best overall person that I can be within my personal and professional life. My goals are to inspire and help others and myself around me to achieve greatness and balance that will to maximize our potential that will transcend the boundaries of our dreams. In addition to my mission statement, my core life values are the foundation of my mission statement, which allows me to uphold my promises and standards. These promises and standards will affordRead MorePersonal Statement : My Goals993 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Reflective Essay My goals that I set for myself was to develop all the skills that I may need to be part in the education and life of children and be able to support them with high quality, knowledge and responsibility to assist them in learning and their development Domains. I am so glad to have the opportunity to do my practicum because is when my career started to flourish. Furthermore, I have been preparing all these past years, which have been hard work so now, is the time to put in practiceRead MorePersonal Statement : My Goals955 Words   |  4 Pagescan provide the enough money to pay my bills, support my family and create a good environment for my family. I want to work hard to have a good salary per year. It means I will have to make the enough money where I will not struggle with bills and finances. My goal is to coach professional baseball after I am done playing. I will make around $15,000 per month if everything works out well. I like to think big because I am an ambitious person. I do not want my family to struggle or to need money;Read MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Goals1111 Words   |  5 PagesAs I stated in my personal goals, I am focusing in developing my interpersonal skills toward my professional and personal environment. E ven though this is not my first psychology class, it is always encouraging to re-learn and discover new findings in psychology. During and after the course, I found myself practicing many of the communication skills throughout my daily life such as paraphrasing, avoid stereotyping and especially analyzing my own and other’s emotions. The collaboration of the courseRead MorePersonal Statement : My Personal Goals862 Words   |  4 PagesIt is important that I provide background, as it lays the foundation of why my personal goals are what they are, and what I hope to achieve as I work toward them. Having been shaped by both challenges and victories, I believe that I have emerged as a more sensitive, caring, and worldly educator, open to new challenges and change that occur in our ever-changing world. As a late bloomer, I am currently pursuing a master’s degree in curriculum and instruction as well as an ELL endorsement that isRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Career Goals947 Words   |  4 Pagesme many things about myself. I have been able to analyze my personality, my tenacity, and my ability to be patient and how I am able to handle conflict not only in my classroom but also in my life. The virtues that I possess can influence my teaching style and how my students perceive my class and are able to function and achieve. It is important for my students to be successful and this is something that I must work hard to instill in my students. Success to me cannot be determined by one certainRead MorePersonal Statement : My Nursing Goals1174 Words   |  5 PagesMy Nursing Goals Introduction In the near future, I will graduate with my Bachelors of Science in Nursing degree from East Carolina University. Guiding my ultimate nursing goals is my love for children. As a mother already, I have learned and immensely enjoyed my journey with my six-year-old child thus far. However, I would love to expand my knowledge on the unique needs of the pediatric patient population. The pediatric patient population is very diverse, due to the various stages of life withinRead MorePersonal Statement : My Career Goals938 Words   |  4 PagesMy academic goal is to obtain my Associate Degree in Computer Technology. For the past year, I have been able to focus more on my education. At this point, I have roughly 3 to 4 semesters remaining before reaching my academic goal. With my determination, hard work and the support of my husband, children and close friends, I have been given the encouragement to push forward. These people are like my own personal cheer squad, giving me the streng th and courage to keep, going when times have gottenRead MorePersonal Statement : My Career Goals984 Words   |  4 PagesMy academic objective is to obtain my Associate Degree in Computer Technology. For the past year and a half, I have been able to focus more on my education. At this point, I have roughly three semesters remaining before reaching my academic goal. With my determination, hard work, and the support of my husband, children and close friends, I have been given the encouragement to push forward. This group of people is like my own personal cheer squad, giving me the strength and courage to keep goingRead MorePersonal Statement : My Career Goals Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I think of my career goals, I ask myself what I want to accomplish in life. I know that I love helping patients and families, and I want to continue to do that. I always am changing my mind on what I want to do after my BSN. I don’t know when or if I will get my masters or continue to work at the bedside for a while. I love what I do and what I do for other people and families. Working in the critical care unit feels like home. I get to do what I love. I attended a webinar sponsored by the American

Persepolis A Modern Context Of Iranian Life - 969 Words

A prevalent aspect of Iranian life is their significant focus on family. In Iran, family formed the foundation of Muslim society (Dhami). This focus on family was evident in Persepolis in that the grandmother lived with the family and her words of wisdom influenced Marjane constantly throughout the story. Marjane returned to the oppressiveness of the Regime not because she missed her home, but because she missed the support her family provided her. When she divorced with Reza, her family was fully supporting her decision. Even when this family had their disagreements, it was evident that they all loved and supported each other no matter the circumstance. Another aspect realized from reading Persepolis is how much some Iranians abhor the rules of the Regime. From a Western perspective, it can be difficult to understand why the women must cover the shape of their body and hair completely or how the women have no rights, but many of the Iranians themselves do not enjoy the rules either. The women in many instances married not for love but for economics or if the suitor was someone who was chosen by the family rather than the bride. The Regime imposed many rules on women to where it made their lives unnecessarily difficult. For instance, Marjane ran to catch up with a bus and guards stopped her because her rear looked obscene while she was running. Female genital mutilation was another common tradition among Muslim women which made sex for them less pleasurable. In part, thisShow MoreRelatedPersepolis Context Analysis908 Words   |  4 PagesPersepolis is an autobiographical graphic novel, visually portraying the life of Marjane Satrapi and her experiences growing up in turmoils times. The novel recounts the stages in her life as she grows older, this follows her life going from a child growing up in the new Islamic regime that governed Iran to moving to Austria and France and being a teenager in the western world. Marjanes documentation of her life also allows for an exclusive insight into what life is like a religious and authoritarianRead MoreMarjane Satrapis Persepolis: A Personal Version and Vision of the Iranian Revolution1341 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis: Marjane Satrapis personal version and vision of the Iranian Revolution Marjane Satrapis Persepolis is a graphic novel that suggests that there is a sharp discrepancy between the world of the Iranian Revolution, as depicted in the Western media, versus how many Iranians experienced it in the context of their own lives. Satrapi was the product of a liberal home environment. Behind closed doors, the life the young Marjane led was often very different from the images of burka-wearingRead MoreContext Inquiry Report : Persepolis1323 Words   |  6 PagesContext Inquiry Report: Persepolis Textual Layout: Throughout the graphical novel it can be seen that Satrapi places the main text and ideas above the image, along with small speech bubbles to represent dialogue between individuals in the images. She may have done so for the purpose of ensuring that the main ideas and text are clear to read. The speech bubbles in the images can be considered to be the supporting bits of detail that enrich the overall understanding of the topic. The images also lackRead MoreMarjane Satrapi s Persepolis 1728 Words   |  7 PagesMarjane Satrapi deliberately uses an interesting layout usually used in successful comic books that convey deep messages. The layout of the graphics in Persepolis include elements such as panels, gutters, and graphic weight. The panels, or distinct segments of a comic containing a combination of images and texts, provide transitions that are instantaneous and direct. For example, on page seven, Satrapi uses a panel to show an innocent conversation with her grandmother about t he rules she will assignRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s Persepolis Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesIn her autobiographical comic Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi, within the first five pages of the book, tells the reader that she was born with religion. She immediately explains (in regards to the Islamic practice of veiling) that â€Å"I really didn’t know what to think about the veil. Deep down I was very religious but as a family we were very modern and avant-garde† (Persepolis, 2003, pg. 6). For western feminists, this ambivalence towards the veil has been a common topic of discourse. In secularizedRead MorePersepolis Themes1236 Words   |  5 PagesPersepolis by Marjane Satrapi is a graphic memoir that reveals the life of a woman growing up in pre and post Iran, as well as her experiences in Western countries. In this book, Marjane utilizes historical events that affect her life during her upbringing in Iran. These include the oppression of the Shah, as well a s the rise and effects of the regime. These events’ integration into the story showcase how they affect Marjane and the other citizens of her country. Additionally, these events are importantRead MorePersepolis by Marjane Satrapi970 Words   |  4 PagesFrance in 2003, the Iranian-born writer and illustrator, Marjane Satrapi, published her internationally acclaimed autobiographical comic, â€Å"Persepolis.† The novel chronicles her childhood in Tehran from ages six to fourteen, years that were overshadowed by the displacement of the Shah’s regime, the Islamic Revolution, and war with Iraq. The French contemporary graphic novel explores, from Satrapi’s standpoint, the ways in which Iranian politics of that time disrupted everyday-life and instigated a timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Discipline And Punishment And Persepolis1285 Words   |  6 PagesFoucault’s historical research focuses on the way that systems of power control people’s behavior by create self affirming discourses. His book â€Å"Discipline and Punishment† focuses on ways in which modern governments enforce their authorities psychologically rather than physically. The graphic novel Persepolis follows a girl as she grows up in a country that is seemingly in constant revolution against some newly developed oppressive regime. She develops a strange and problematic relationship with authorityRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s The Veil 1393 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahvali Iran became modernized under his implementations’, however soon after the Shah was forced to leave Iran things take a toll for the worse. In the graphic memoir Persepolis, Marjane Satrapi highlights the sudden transition from a modernized society to a strictly religious environment in Iran during the 1970s through the use of juxtaposition in panels. Satrapi’s use of symbolism such as the veil, the posters, and books enhance the oppress ion that womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Marjane Satrapi s Book Persepolis1239 Words   |  5 Pageson your door, knowing that they bear news that will change your life forever. Imagine being enlisted from the moment you come of age, counting down the days until you are sent to war. In today’s society, ideas of violent loss and trading life for country seem like issues in an army’s world. During the Iranian revolution, loss and suffering were woven into the fabric of all Iranian lives. In Marjane Satrapi’s graphic memoir Persepolis, she argues that Marji’s developing views on death and martyrdom

Lord of the rings Free Essays

Favorite book Book of choice: Lord of the rings Why one should read the Lord of the Rings The Lord of the rings was written in by Mr.. Jar Tolkien between year 1937 and 1949 and is said to be one of the greatest fantasy novels ever written. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the rings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using a combination of lore depth and beautiful language the novel has become one of the most popular books ever to be published, selling over 150 million copies worldwide. There are many reasons why this particular novel is said to one, if not the best epic fantasy evolve ever written, one of these reasons is the vivid world in which Tolkien has put so much effort and detail. Tolkien manages to create as well as bring the reader into an amazing fantasy world so vivid, and detailed that it leaves the reader with a feeling of having been there themselves. Tolkien carefully describes landscapes, characters and situations in a way that makes the universe of Middle earth seem almost likely to exist. Another great factor to the success of the Novel could be the many languages. Tolkien manages to create specific languages which suit the different races of middle earth, such as the beautiful eleven language which has several dialects and accents which also different in a varied grade. The eleven language gives depth and mystery to these ancestral beings, It is complex yet equally beautiful. Likewise the â€Å"dark tongue of mirror† or black speech as It Is often referred to sets the proper dark mood and feeling of those whom would dare speak It. Nevertheless the main function these languages carry is the depth it brings to the culture and existence of the races and characters. Few works of art can be said to match Lord of the rings when It comes to he detailed history and cultures he describes In The Lord of the Rings, except perhaps by other works by J. R. R Tolkien himself. The history Is both quite exciting as well as meaningful, with no shortages of surprises and exciting turns along the way. Furthermore there Is little Considering this there Is little doubt why this novel has become one of the most legendary novels of all time. The amazingly written novel explains a vivid world filled with history, lore and beauty as well as an Imminent threat. Likewise the beautiful languages, as well as the way the story Is written brings specific dimension and â€Å"feeling† to the Journey of the mall characters. One could also mention the dramatic character developments, as well as deep messages which come forth throughout the novel, but perhaps It Is best to leave that to possible future readers to figure out by themselves. Hose ancestral beings, it is complex yet equally beautiful. Likewise the â€Å"dark tongue of mirror† or black speech as it is often referred to sets the proper dark mood and feeling of those whom would dare speak it. Nevertheless the main function these characters. Few works of art can be said to match Lord of the rings when it comes to he detailed history and cultures he describes in The Lord of the Rings, except perhaps by other works by J. R. R Tolkien himself. The history is both quite exciting as Furthermore there is little Considering this there is little doubt why this novel has explains a vivid world filled with history, lore and beauty as well as an imminent threat. Likewise the beautiful languages, as well as the way the story is written brings a specific dimension and â€Å"feeling† to the Journey of the main characters. One could come forth throughout the novel, but perhaps it is best to leave that to possible future readers to figure out by themselves. How to cite Lord of the rings, Papers

Foreign Exchage Reserve of Pakistan free essay sample

The reserve assets can be categorized as gold reserve, Unallocated gold reserve, Special drawing rights, currency, Reserve position in the IMF, other transferable deposits, other deposits, debt securities, loans, investments, fund shares and financial derivatives. The quantity of foreign exchange reserves can change the central bank monetary policy but this dynamics is analyzed in the context of the exchange rate . If central bank implements a fixed exchange rate then supply and demand would tend to push the value of the currency lower or higher e. g. n increase in demand for the currency would increase the value and decrease lower and thus the central bank use reserves to maintain its fixed exchange rate. EXCHANGE RATE The rate which one currency will be exchanged for another. Exchange rate affects the foreign exchange reserves and it is adjusted according to the market demand. With the help of exchange rate local currency is adjusted so that it does not create inflation or deflati on in the country. FACTORS AFFECTING FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FROM 1980 TO 2010 In 1980 there was high foreign exchange reserve. Both exports earnings and home remittances increase beyond the expectations. IMF provides extent fund facility arrangements. In 1981 due to world recession there was crash in the demand, the appreciation of US dollar and slowdown in the home remittances. Exports were reduced due to dollar appreciation there was increase in foreign exchange reserve. In 1982 there were unfavorable conditions but some improvements occurred in economy. Despite the low international trade , exports proceeds are likely to increase because Pakistani rupee was delinked from US dollar. Due to import substitution policy production increases workers remittances increased by 28. 1% all these factors boost the foreign exchange reserve. In 1983, the trade deficit is increased to $3246 million it brings change in exchange rate and currency is depreciated from Rs=9. 90=1$, workers remittances were also low in this period thus low foreign exchange reserve. In 1984 trade deficit was increasing the gap of exchange receipts and expenditures were filled by foreign exchange reserve. After 2 difficult years Pakistan financial position improved in 1985 exports increased by 18. %, workers remittances by 5% while imports fell. With a 24% increase in loans a modest accumulation of external reserves took place. 1n 1887 our current account balance is in deficit and fulfilled by external borrowings. Fund credits and net transactions in the foreign currency accounts deficits with banks also bring change in foreign exchange reserve. In 1988 foreign exchange reserve are started at low lev el which was $875 million. During 1989 home remittances increased by 5 % and thus give positive contribution in improving the payments positions and foreign exchange reserves. Total commitments of foreign loans and grants are estimated to increase by 31%. In 1990 foreign exchange reserves are building up of $271. To cope with the critical reserve positions prime minister announced a number of measures to reform the exchange control and payments system. 1991 at this time foreign exchange reserve reached to a bare minimum then to cope this government made changes in exchange rate, payments systems and these measures shows result and foreign exchange reserve position improved. 1992 heavy rains, flood, attack to leaf curl virus disease on cotton crops, international recessions will give fall in prices. Cash foreign exchange reserve decrease by 5. 77% amounted to $ 602. 8 million. 1993 following measures are taken which results improvements in foreign exchange reserve amounted 12. 1 billion. Control on budgetary deficit, minimizing expenditure, accretion in foreign currency deposits, improvement of aid environments and larger foreign inflow makes foreign exchange reserves. 1995 workers remittances increase from negative to 29. 1%. Fall in commodity aid exports decline, imports coupled higher and devaluation of Pakistan rupee by 7% against US dollar. The position of foreign exchange reserve remained comfortable in this period. While in 1996 workers remittances projected at $1575 million against $1461 million. Quota management policy was announced and tariff rates were reduced from 45% to 65% foreign exchange reserve declined in this year. 1997 there was a marked fluctuations in foreign exchange reserve and it is declined of about 41%. 1998 it was period of deep recessions, slow global economic activity and collapse of international commodity prices exhibited more adverse effects. There was low foreign exchange reserve. 999 in this time government maintain a stable foreign exchange rate despite the countrys balance of payments situation remained under pressure. 2000 in this era foreign exchange reserve after fluctuations set at $1123 million. Pakistan declined in unit values of major exports items. 2001 the tragic event of sep 11 made major growth into recessions. 2002 foreign reserves crossed $10 billion 1st time in history . 200 3 foreign reserves stood at $12. 505 billion made impressive build up and now economy could bare any abnormal shock. 2004-05 foreign reserves are maintained at high 13000. m many factors contributed in this are private transfers, remittances, increased proceeds floatation of bonds and higher foreign direct investment. 2006 foreign exchange reserves crossed 14 billion and it is due to private transfers. 2007 there were less foreign exchange reserves as compared to previous year. 2008 there was high depletion in foreign exchange reserve. 2009 improvements are made so that stability came in exchange rate and foreign currency deposits increases. 2010 rising trend in reserves reached 17. 1 billion this was due to emergency natural disaster assistance. This is was the history of foreign reserves.